Approaching the limits of transparency and conductivity in. Defining and characterizing graphite intercalation compounds. Nicl 2, mof 6, cucl 2, etc, or binary or ternary combinations. Thermoelectric properties and electrical transport of. Pdf microwave exfoliation of a graphite intercalation. We have studied the room temperature raman spectra of several stages of ternary gics prepared by sequential intercalation of potassiumbinary gics with either furan, thf or nh3. The invention also provides a process for producing the. The research on graphite intercalation compounds often acts as a forerunner for research in other sciences. Stage transitions in graphite intercalation compounds. Superconductivity in graphite intercalation compounds robert p smith, thomas e weller, christopher a howard, mark p m dean, kaveh c rahnejat, siddharth s saxena and mark ellerby cavendish laboratory, university of cambridge, madingley road, cambridge cb3 0he, uk. Syn the tic metals, 1 2 1 9 8 5 2 6 3 2 6 8 263 bandstructure of c e s i u m g r a p h i t e i. The first graphite intercalation compounds containing tris.
Intercalation of atoms beneath graphene to make graphene intercalation compounds could be a more kinetically efficient process than bulk graphite intercalation. Topics covered range from graphite chemistry to sheet silicate intercalates, diffusion and shapeselective catalysis in zeolites, organic and organometallic intercalation compounds of the transition metal dichalcogenides, and solvated intercalation compounds of layered chalcogenide and oxide bronzes. Phase transitions in donor graphite intercalation compounds. Graphite forms intercalation compounds with various atoms, ions, and molecules. The results in tables i and ii clearly indicate that the c x f compounds exhibit a layered periodic structure typical of intercalated graphite compounds. Despite the recent success in the application of fecl 3gics in libs, the issue of dissolution of chlorides and the relevant liion storage mechanism. A graphite intercalation compound enjoying high stability is produced by a method characterized by using a previously synthesized acceptor type graphite intercalation compound as a raw material and intercalating therein a substance different from the substance intercalated in the graphite intercalation compound and capable of forming an acceptor type graphite intercalation compound. Moessbauer study of iron chloride graphite intercalation compounds synthesized in molten salt. The graphite compounds we used were synthetic graphite, activated graphites and several types of cnfs. Graphite intercalation compounds of h 2 so 4 are a typical example produced by anodic oxidation of graphite 8. Alkali metal graphene plane graphite intercalation compound graphite lattice pristine graphite these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Effect of ammonium bicarbonate on intercalation and. Resistivity of graphite intercalation compounds with. Now, with intercalation systems existing as superconductors, catalysts, highenergy density batteries, lubricants, membranes.
Third international conference on intercalation compounds. Znoac 2, expanded graphite, characteristics, methylene blue, decoloration. Under certain conditions, the graphite intercalation compounds were formed containing intercalated anions of peroxosulphuric acids peroxomonosulphuric or peroxodisulfuric. Pdf formation of nigraphite intercalation compounds on. Pdf an alkali ion source based on graphite intercalation. Graphite intercalation compounds gics have high electrical conductivities, large seebeck coefficients, and low thermal conductivities as compared with their host graphite materials.
Intercalation compounds of graphite of the acceptor type have potential engineering applications because of. The graphite intercalation compounds and their applications. A snapshot of a threedimensional dendrite in pure ni with a cubic interfacial energy anisotropy obtained from a phasefield simulation with thermal noises 72 courtesy of. Samples of graphite treated with either bromine or nitric acid were prepared by contacting these reagents at room temperature with powdered crystalline graphite.
Graphite compounds1,2 journal of the american chemical society. Crystalline graphite is known to form intercalation compounds with bromine and nitric acid. The graphite host layers in these compounds remain largely intact while the guest molecules or atoms reside in between these layers. Graphite materials natural dispersed graphite, thermoexfoliated graphite, graphite fibers etc. Graphite intercalation compound, xray diffraction method, phase transition, intercalate layer. Intercalation compounds of graphite dresselhaus 2002. At higher temperatures, the intercalation compound decomposed to yield the additive species in a state of mobility constrainedtc two dimensions. In this letter we report the discovery of superconductivity in the isostructural graphite intercalation compounds c6yb and c6ca, with transition temperatures of.
Depending on a type of the intercalated substance the graphite plane may be either an acceptor or donor of. Doc intercalation compounds of graphite israel palchan. Ep0223047a2 ep86114008a ep86114008a ep0223047a2 ep 0223047 a2 ep0223047 a2 ep 0223047a2 ep 86114008 a ep86114008 a ep 86114008a ep 86114008 a ep86114008 a ep 86114008a ep 0223047 a2 ep0223047 a2 ep 0223047a2 authority ep european patent office prior art keywords gpod graphite film intercalation compound intercalant prior art date 19851012 legal status the. Nanotribological properties of graphite intercalation. Graphite intercalation compounds i structure and dynamics. The invention also provides a process for producing the above product comprising exposing highly oriented pyrolitic graphite to a fluorine atmosphere in a sealed system under pressure. Applications of graphite intercalation compounds journal. Classification of graphite intercalation compounds. Graphite intercalation compounds gics, wellknown basic twodimensional systems, have been extensively studied as template layered materials, allowing the intercalation of numerous di. The distance between the layers in gics can be changed, and then the interlayer force of graphite. Ep0223047a2 graphite intercalation compound film and.
Their formation was studied using thermal measurements and analytical techniques. Phonon dispersion relations of graphite and first stage alkali metal graphite intercalation compounds h. Intercalation of metallic potassium and fullerene c60 into. The intercalation compounds graphite bisulfate and graphite perchlorate can be prepared by treating graphite with strong oxidizing agents in the presence of strong acids. A snapshot of a threedimensional dendrite in pure ni with a cubic interfacial energy anisotropy obtained from a phasefield simulation with thermal noises 72 courtesy of a. Five families of intercalates give high electrical conductivity to gics. Khgc 4, etc gics have been studied extensively both experimentally and. They are interstitial compounds in which the foreign species the intercalate is included in the. High pressure behavior of csc8 graphite intercalation compound. Several authors claimed that reduction of the fecl3 layers in a fecl3 graphite intercalated compound gic to fecl2 by thermal treatment does not influence the spacing between. No new compounds of this type have, however, been reported for the past fifteen years, though attempts have been made to intercalate other volatile compounds. Calculated properties obtained with a gradientcorrected density functional theory dft method and a dispersioncorrected dft method dftd3bj are compared. Exfoliation occurs when the graphene layers are forced apart 5, which may be caused by the sudden vaporization or decomposition of the intercalated species. Structural, energetic, electronic, and defect properties of lithium graphite intercalated compounds lic6n n 1, 2 are investigated theoretically with periodic quantumchemical methods.
The invention provides a graphite fluorine intercalation product of the formula c. The search for nanostructured materials has propelled much of the recent research on graphite intercalation compounds gics and their exfoliation 1234. Three new layered compounds were synthesised by immersing a pyrographite platelet in a molten ca. Graphite intercalation compounds gics, the product of the intercalation, exhibit distinctive physical and chemical properties compared with pristine graphite. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Intercalation effect of different graphite materials. The intercalation process is accompanied by charge transfer between the graphite layers and the intercalated species and the number of electronic carriers, i. Download hires image download to mspowerpointcite this. Graphite intercalation compounds gics, formed by inserting ionic species into the lattice of the graphite structure, are typically layered materials consisting of intercalate guest and graphite layers 7, 8.
Chemistry of graphite intercalation compounds of the acceptor type. Lamellar compounds of graphite with chromyl chloride and. Superconductivity in graphite intercalation compounds. Nomenclature and terminology o graphite intercalation compounds 1895 the carbon sheets. Intercalation and exfoliation are key steps in the preparation of graphene by thermal exfoliation, and they determine the quality of the final product. Graphite intercalation compounds are a type of graphite compounds. Pdf download graphite intercalation compounds i free. Electrochemistry of graphite intercalation compounds. In the presence of anhydrous hf or other metal fluorides, graphite reacts with fluorine at room temperature to form a fluorideintercalated gic 43, 44. Jan 31, 2011 the properties of graphite intercalation compounds gics are discussed with respect to possible applications. Applications of graphite intercalation compounds journal of. The electronic structure calculations of the graphite intercalation compounds based on the scfdvx.
In this article, ammonium bicarbonate is intercalated into graphite with different degrees of oxidation to form a. The influence of three different intercalation methods on. The reaction products can be related to a mechanism similar to electrochemical. Lamellar compounds of graphite with transition metals. Some potential applications for intercalation compounds of graphite. Graphite also due to its clearly expressed structural anisotropy is the basis for obtaining of layered composites graphite intercalation compounds gics. A raman study, which detects the shift of the graphite intralayer vibrational frequency due to intercalation, provides a useful tool for the probe.
Bandstructure of cesium graphite intercalation compounds from angle resolved photoemission. Graphite intercalation compounds are formed by inserting guest molecules or ions between sp2bonded carbon layers. Recent progress in graphite intercalation compounds for. The invention provides a graphite fluorine intercalation product of the formula cx f wherein x. Despite intensive and longlasting research on graphite intercalation compounds gic, the mechanism of the stage transitions remains unclear. Kinetics of the formation of the intercalation compound with bromine were analyzed. Graphite oxide graphitic acid carbon monofluoride graphite monofluoride tetracarbon monofluoride. Resistivity of graphite intercalation compounds with bromine. Unlimited viewing of the articlechapter pdf and any associated supplements and figures. Using optical and raman microscopy, we perform direct realtime monitoring of stage transitions in h2so4gics made from highly oriented pyrolitic graphite hopg. Intercalation compounds of graphite intercalation compounds of graphite ebert, l b 19760801 00. Fecl intercalated carbon nanofibers and graphite, material. Pdf bandstructure of cesium graphite intercalation. Two components of 27al nmr line in a graphite intercalation compound of albr3.
One famous intercalation host is graphite, which intercalates potassium as a guest. For instance, the concept of staging, which is fundamental to graphite intercalation compounds, is also relevant to surface science in connection with adsorbates on metal surfaces and to hightemperature superconducting oxide layer materials. Introduction graphite is the thermodynamically stable under. The first intercalation type is the actual insertion of atoms or molecules between the graphite layers, whereas the other type of intercalation is the production of graphite oxide. The research on graphite intercalation compounds combines both aspects. Intercalation compounds of graphite are of interest, both scienfically and technologically because of unusual properties. Strong anchoring effect of ferric chloridegraphite. Five families of intercalates give high electrical. When graphite is oxidized, its layers will open gradually, and then the molecules or ions of noncarbonaceous substance enter into the interspace of graphite layers forming various graphite intercalation compounds gics. Graphite also due to its clearly expressed structural anisotropy is the basis for obtaining of layered composites graphite intercalation compounds. Their electronicmagnetic structures and optical and catalytic properties significantly vary with the type of intercalant as well. Graphite can incorporate a wide range of intercalate guests between planar graphene sheets to form graphite intercalation compounds gics. When heated, the intercalators will decompose or react with graphite, the released volatile.
Graphite can store various kinds of species, such as alkali ions or atoms, in between its crystalline sheets to form a class of compounds called graphite intercalation compounds gics 27,28. The second volume will also contain a chapter on applications of graphite intercalation compounds. The largest content of intercalated bisulfate is achieved in the. Applications of graphite intercalation compounds springerlink. Introduction expanded graphite eg is a kind of bulky soft and highly porous wormlike material, and it is prepared by intercalating reaction of flake graphite under oxidation and intercalation. Graphite intercalation compounds gics have high electrical conductivities, large seebeck coefficients, and low thermal conductivities as. Synthesis and characterization of highly intercalated graphite. The 002 peak and 004 peak are the two peaks in the xrd patterns of natural graphite, indicating the vertical direction axis with the hexagon plane of graphite. The field of superconductivity in the class of materials known as graphite intercalation compounds has a history. Us3785999a process of making graphitemetal chloride. Learning from past lessons on alkali metal intercalation in graphite, recent breakthroughs in sodium and potassium intercalation in graphite have been demonstrated for naion batteries and kion batteries.
We observe that stage transitions in hopgbased gics occur very differently from those in. Nonoxidative intercalation and exfoliation of graphite by bra. Afm studies zhiweichen, 1 danguo, 1 linasi, 2 andguoxinxie 1 1 statekeylaboratoryoftribology,tsinghuauniversity,beijing84,china. The distance between the layers in gics can be changed, and then the interlayer force of graphite can be modified. Usually this energy is supplied by charge transfer between the guest and the host solid, i.
Graphite intercalation compounds gics are technologically useful functional materials made of graphite flakes uniformly embedding small. In figure 2a, the peak corresponding to graphite 2 h can be clearly seen. Superconductivity in the intercalated graphite compounds. Preparation and characteristics of expanded graphite. The properties of graphite intercalation compounds gics are discussed with respect to possible applications. Synthesis and characterization of highfilled intercalated graphite. Preparation of color samples of graphite intercalation. This results in a more or less pronounced expansion which may be detected by xray diffraction and which occurs in a direction perpendicular to the carbon sheets. Although graphite fluoride is not an intercalation compound, in a battery system the discharged product is essentially an intercalation compound section 5. The progress of materials science depends on the development of novel materials and the development of novel experimental techniques.
Fecl3intercalated graphite intercalation compounds gics show fascinating potential as anodes for highperformance lithium ion batteries libs due to their excellent reaction reversibility, low volume change and high volumetric energy density. Li alloy creating a new graphite intercalation compound family. The role of the interlayer state in the electronic. A recent renew of interest on gics has been motivated by the discovery of the highest superconducting critical. Ep0246037a2 graphite intercalation compounds, and process. Intercalation compounds of graphite semantic scholar. Chung, in reference module in materials science and materials engineering, 2016.
Preparation and characteristics of expanded graphite loaded. Structural phase transitions in acceptor graphite intercalation compounds. Therefore, it is important to explore the influence of intercalation agents on the intercalation and exfoliation of graphite. In contrast to the potassium and calcium graphites, the carbon layers are oxidized in this process. The compound comprises carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, obtained by treating graphite with strong oxidisers.
Graphite intercalation compounds gic are characterized by the existence of stage ordering. Citeseerx document details isaac councill, lee giles, pradeep teregowda. Mar 30, 1998 although graphite fluoride is not an intercalation compound, in a battery system the discharged product is essentially an intercalation compound section 5. Two potassium graphite compounds are kc 8 and kc 24. Potassium in graphite shows distinctive reducing properties towards carbonyls. New preparation techniques for li and the high stages of the heavy alkali graphite intercalation compounds agics were developed.
Due to these properties, gics are expected to act as effective thermoelectric materials. When the intercalation compound of graphite thus formed is reduced, the original graphite is reformed via reversible redox processes 1, 8. Despite the recent success in the application of fecl3gics in. Fecl3 intercalated carbon nanofibers and graphite, material characteristics and reduction behavior 85 intercalation with fecl3, the spacing between graphite sheets increases from 0. Intercalation compounds an overview sciencedirect topics.
Thermoelectric properties and electrical transport of graphite. Pdf physics of ternary graphite intercalation compounds. Pdf, obtaining graphene nanoplatelets from various. Intercalation compound graphite crystal alkali metal atom graphite intercalation compound intercalate layer these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. There are some graphite islands in graphite fluorides, cfx t when x pdf formation of gic graphite intercalation compound is an important field of study currently, as it offers a method of producing graphene by. The influence of three different intercalation methods on the. Theoretical study of li migration in lithiumgraphite. Fecl 3intercalated graphite intercalation compounds gics show fascinating potential as anodes for highperformance lithium ion batteries libs due to their excellent reaction reversibility, low volume change and high volumetric energy density. Although the preparation of normal graphitic fecl3gics is rather simple, it was questionable whether the intercalation of fecl3 into cnfs would be successful as well. In fact, a large number of elements have already been observed to intercalate graphene on substrates including h 4, au 5,6, and ge 7.
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